Factors influencing bacteriological cure after antibiotic therapy of clinical mastitis
Keywords:
clinical mastitis, antibiotics, bacteriological cure, prognosisAbstract
Antibiotic therapy of clinical mastitis (CM) is difficult and often results in unsatisfactory outcomes. At detection of every CM case a reliable
prognosis for the probability of bacteriological cure (BC) is beneficial to avoid useless application of antibiotic treatments. Therefore, factors
which are associated with BC of CM have to be determined. A randomised, matched field study was conducted on 24 free-stall dairy
farms located in Northern - and Central Germany. Data of CM cases receiving antibiotic treatment were recorded. A foremilk sample of the
affected quarter was taken before treatment and again approximately 14 days and 21 days after the end of therapy for bacteriological examination.
The BC of every CM case was determined. Animal-, pathogen-, treatment-, herd- and environment-related factors were added to
every CM case and analysed statistically for associations with BC of the CM cases. The study resulted in the following findings: The overall BC
rate was 74.6%. Cows with bacteriologically cured CM cases showed a lower somatic cell count, based on the seven Dairy Herd Improvement
(DHI) test days before treatment (individual sum-200-7), and milk yield in the final DHI test before CM occurrence than cows with bacteriologically
non-cured CM cases. The probability of BC decreased significantly if a cow had previously suffered from more than one CM case
in current lactation. The likelihood of BC decreased significantly in CM cases where staphylococci were cultured in pre-treatment samples,
especially due to the low BC rate of Staphylococcus aureus (46.7%), compared to CM cases caused by Enterobacteriaceae, streptococci or
other pathogens. The probability of BC decreased with an increasing amount of the pathogen excreted pre-treatment.
References
IDF (International Dairy Federation). Economic consequences of mastitis. Bulletin No 394. Brussels, Belgium; 2005.
Hogeveen H, Huijps K, Lam TJGM. Economic aspects of mastitis: new developments. N Z Vet J 2011;59:16-23.
DVG (Deutsche Veterinärmedizinische Gesellschaft [German Veterinary Association]). Leitlinien zur Bekämpfung der Mastitis
des Rindes als Bestandsproblem [Guidelines for combating bovine mastitis as a stock problem]. 5th edition. Gießen, Germany; 2012.
Mansion-de Vries EM, Knorr N, Paduch J-H, Zinke C, Hoedemaker M, Krömker V. A field study evaluation of PetrifilmTM plates as a
-h rapid diagnostic test for clinical mastitis on a dairy farm. Prev Vet Med 2014;113:620-624.
Krömker V, Paduch J-H, Klocke D, Friedrich J, Zinke C. Efficacy of extended intramammary therapy to treat moderate and severe
clinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2010;123:10-15.
Schukken YH, Zurakowski MJ, Rauch BJ, Gross B, Tikofsky LL, Welcome FL. Noninferiority trial comparing a first-generation cephalosporin with a third-generation cephalosporin in the treatment of nonsevere clinical mastitis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2013;96:6763-6774.
Swinkels JM, Krömker V, Lam TJGM. Efficacy of standard vs. extended intramammary cefquinome treatment of clinical mastitis in cows with persistent high somatic cell counts. J Dairy Res 2014;81:424-433.
Barkema HW, Schukken YH, Zadoks RN. Invited Review: The role of cow, pathogen, and treatment regimen in the therapeutic success of bovine Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2006;89:1877-1895.
Degen S, Paduch J-H, Hoedemaker M, Krömker V. Factors affecting the probability of bacteriological cure of bovine mastitis. Tierarztl Prax Großtiere 2015;43:222-227.
Pyörälä SHK, Pyörälä EO. Efficacy of parenteral administration of three antimicrobial agents in treatment of clinical mastitis in lactating cows: 487cases (1989-1995). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:407-412.
Taponen S, Jantunen A, Pyörälä E, Pyörälä S. Efficacy of targeted 5-day combined parenteral and intramammary treatment of clinical mastitis caused by penicillin-susceptible or penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Acta Vet Scand 2003;44:53-62.
McDougall S, Agnew KE, Cursons R, Hou XX, Compton CRW. Parenteral treatment of clinical mastitis with tylosin base or penethamate hydriodide in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2007;90:779-789.
Deluyker HA, Chester ST, Van Oye SN. A multilocation clinical trial in lactating dairy cows affected with clinical mastitis to compare the efficacy of treatment with intramammary infusions of a lincomycin/neomycin combination with an ampicillin/cloxacillin
combination. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1999;22:274-282.
Sol J, Sampimon OC, Barkema HW, Schukken YH. Factors associated with cure after therapy of clinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. J Dairy Sci 2000;83:278-284.
Pinzón-Sánchez C, Ruegg PL. Risk factors associated with shortterm post-treatment outcomes of clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2011;94:3397-3410.
McDougall S, Arthur DG, Bryan MA, Vermunt JJ, Weir AM. Clinical and bacteriological response to treatment of clinical mastitis with one of three intramammary antibiotics. N Z Vet J 2007;55:161-170.
McDougall S. Intramammary treatment of clinical mastitis of dairy cows with a combination of lincomycin and neomycin, or penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin. N Z Vet J 2003;51:111-116.
Paduch J-H, Klocke D, Chao Y, Degen S, Krömker V. Identification of uncurable dairy cows on the basis of DHI-data. 39. Leipziger Fortbildungsveranstaltung: Labordiagnostik in der Bestandsbetreuung. Leipzig, Germany; 2014.
Bradley AJ, Green MJ. Factors affecting cure when treating bovine clinical mastitis with cephalosporin-based intramammary preparations. J Dairy Sci 2009;92:1941-1953.
Swinkels JM, Cox P, Schukken YH, Lam TJGM. Efficacy of extended cefquinome treatment of clinical Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2013;96:4983-4992.
Oliveira L, Hulland C, Ruegg PL. Characterization of clinical mastitis occurring in cows on 50 large dairy herds in Wisconsin. J Dairy Sci 2013;96:7538-7549.
Taponen S, Dredge K, Henriksson B, Pyyhtiä AM, Suojala L, Junni R. et al. Efficacy of intramammary treatment with procaine penicillin G vs. procaine penicillin G plus neomycin in bovine clinical mastitis
caused by penicillin-susceptible, gram-positive bacteria – A double blind field study. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2003;26:193-198.
Roberson JR, Warnick LD, Moore G. Mild to moderate clinical mastitis: Efficacy of intramammary amoxicillin, frequent milk-out, a combined intramammary amoxicillin, and frequent milk-out treatment versus no treatment. J Dairy Sci 2004;87:583-592.
Schukken YH, Bennett GJ, Zurakowski MJ, Sharkey HL, Rauch BJ, Thomas MJ et al. Randomized clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of a 5-day ceftiofur hydrochloride intramammary treatment on nonsevere gram-negative clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2011;94:6203-6215.
DVG (Deutsche Veterinärmedizinische Gesellschaft [German Veterinary Association]). Leitlinien zur Entnahme von Milchproben unter antiseptischen Bedingungen und Isolierung und Identifizierung von Mastitiserregern [Guidelines for aseptic milk sampling and guidelines to isolate and identify mastitis pathogens]. 2nd edition. Gießen, Germany; 2009.
NMC (National Mastitis Council). Laboratory handbook on bovine mastitis. Revised edition. Madison, Wisconsin; 1999.
Watts JL, Salmon SA, Yancey RJJ. Use of modified Rambach agar to differentiate Streptococcus uberis from other mastitis streptococci. J Dairy Sci 1993;76:1740-1743.
Urban D. Logit-Analyse: Statistische Verfahren zur Analysen von Modellen mit qualitativen Response-Variablen. Stuttgart, Germany: Fischer; 1993.
Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S. Applied logistic regression. 2nd edition. New York, USA: Wiley & Sons; 2000.
Nagelkerke NJD. A note on a general definition of the coefficient of determination. Biometrika 1991;78:691-692.
Sérieys F, Raguet Y, Goby L, Schmidt H, Friton G. Comparative efficacy of local and systemic antibiotic treatment in lactating cows with clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2005;88:93-99.
Wraight MD. A comparative efficacy trial between cefuroxime and cloxacillin as intramammary treatments for clinical mastitis in lactating cows on commercial dairy farms. N Z Vet J 2003;51:26-32.
Schepers AJ, Lam TJGM, Schukken YH, Wilmink JBM, Hanekamp WJA. Estimation of variance components for somatic cell counts to determine thresholds for uninfected quarters. J Dairy Sci 1997;80:1833-1840.
Melchior MB, Vaarkamp H, Fink-Gremmels J. Biofilms: A role in recurrent mastitis infections?. Vet J 2006;171:398-407.
Linder M, Paduch J-H, Grieger A-S, Mansion-de Vries E, Knorr N, Zinke C, et al. Cure rates of chronic subclinical Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in lactating dairy cows after antibiotic therapy. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2013;126:291-296.
Grieger A-S, Zoche-Golob V, Paduch J-H, Hoedemaker M, Krömker V. Recurrent clinical mastitis in dairy cattle – importance and causes. Tierarztl Prax Großtiere 2014;42:156-162.
Cucarella C, Tormo MA, Ubeda C, Trotonda MP, Monzon M, Peris C, et al. Role of biofilm-associated protein bap in the pathogenesis of bovine Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2004;72:2177-2185.
Oliveira M, Nunes SF, Carneiro C, Bexiga R, Bernardo F, Vilela CL. Time course of biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis mastitis isolates. Vet Microbiol 2007;124:187-191.
Hensen SM, Pavicic MJ, Lohuis JA, de Hoog JA, Poutrel B. Location of Staphylococcus aureus within the experimentally infected bovine udder and the expression of capsular polysaccharide type 5 in situ. J Dairy Sci 2000;83:1966-1975.
Kerro Dego O, van Dijk JE, Nederbragt H. Factors involved in the early pathogenesis of bovine Staphylococcus aureus mastitis with emphasis on bacterial adhesion and invasion. A review. Vet Q 2002;24:181-198.
Mullarky IK, Su C, Frieze N, Park YH, Sordillo LM. Staphylococcus aureus agr genotypes with enterotoxin production capabilities can resist neutrophil bactericidal activity. Infect Immun 2001;69:45-51.
Dingwell RT, Leslie KE, Duffield TF, Schukken YH, DesCoteaux L, Keefe GP, et al. Efficacy of intramammary tilmicosin and risk factors for cure of Staphylococcus aureus infection in the dry period. J Dairy Sci 2003;86:159-168.
Deluyker HA, Van Oye SN, Boucher JF. Factors affecting cure and somatic cell count after pirlimycin treatment of subclinical mastitis in lactating cows. J Dairy Sci 2005;88:604-614.
EMEA (The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products). VICH Topic GL9 (GCP): Guideline on good clinical practices. London, United Kingdom; 2000.
